The Falling Rock in East Of Eden

"...there are techniques of the human mind whereby, in its dark deep, problems are examined, rejected or accepted. Such activities sometimes concern facets a man does not know he has...in the morning a whole new direction and a clearness is there, maybe the result of the black reasoning" (E.O.E 327).

This particular road sign applies to Adam Trask in East of Eden by John Steinbeck. Adam has always been a flawed character. Right from childhood he was neglected by his father, and later on failed to acknowledge the tough love in which his father bestowed upon him. His inability to confront problematic situations right when they begin to surface is a major flaw he posses that leads him to future downfalls. Just like a falling rock, Adam's life has been presumed to collapse due to minor cracks that can be viewed as scars from past struggles that comes back to wreck havoc. Because destiny rules for the success of an individual and Adam struggle to avoid failure, his life has been silted in warnings both he and others can see when there is a need for outside assistance. Characters like Lee and Samuel Hamilton have been put in place to take the refuge of those who are to evoke meaning in the life of Adam. With help from both characters, Adam is able to rise above his struggles and advance with life in a new and brighter prospect.

A rock that falls must find ground, and it is on this ground that it tries to find balance to settle down. Adam was capable of overcoming one of his major problems after confronting his wife, Cathy Ames. In doing so, he becomes a better father, and takes responsibility of the consequences of being absent in the first few years of his sons lives. Adam's new found acceptance of his sons is what breaks the chain that links him to his own father's neglect in the first few years of his life as a child. By refusing to take resemblance of his father, he clears all his past unforeseen curses or attachments and begins a new life. Sometimes during the fall of a rock little particles are left behind. In East of Eden, these particles are portrayed as minor things that are destined to hold Adam back. In this case, Adam releases himself of those obstacles be it a person or overwhelming presence, as he begins to see life in a renewed prospect. Although Adam is portrayed as a weak character in the beginning, he changes the way he is seen and decides to show his true nature as a strong minded person by beating fate at its own game and becoming one of the influential characters in the book.

Beginnings

Change/Changing Perspectives

In the  process of finding a solution to a tormenting problem or to simply advance from a current position, some characters in East of Eden have either changed courses or have received a clearer vision of what has to be done. In the book, when characters change or are perceived differently, they affect the lives of those around them. As a result, those affected have to amend their impressions of the characters in which they thought behaved a certain way.

At times it takes confrontation for individuals to change perspectives. In East of Eden, characters like Adam Trask and Caleb Trask challenge a certain idea or belief they have both lived with for a long period of time. As a result, both characters develop a different concept of the way things should be done or how life should really take course. For instance, Adam was blinded by his wife's physical beauty which stopped him from seeing her true nature. However, the instance Adam confronts his wife, Cathy, he realizes she lacked the heart of a human, and is able to break the chains of blindness that held him in bondage. In doing so, life becomes new to Adam and causes him to take advantage of the things available to him, "...Adam found that he was noticing things he has not seen for years" (E.O.E 325). Caleb also changes as a result of coming in contact with Cathy, his mother. His transformation is so significant because he changes his entire behavior towards those closer to him, whom he had always treated terribly. His change allows readers to develop feelings of sympathy towards him because his confrontation with his mother revealed that it is indeed her absence that has caused him to treat his brother badly. After meeting his mother, and seeing her true nature, then accepting that he is not as bad as she is, Caleb changes- he insists on helping his brother further his education and assisting his father to regain his money. Caleb's renounced attitude is actually what marked the beginning of a new path in his life.


Perspectives can be changed voluntarily and involuntarily. In East of Eden, the lives of Aaron Trask and Samuel Hamilton prompted change, and so fate took its course. Samuel Hamilton accepts old age and changes his perception of death after gaining knowledge from the concept of the Timshel- 'Thou Mayest.' "...your two-word retranslation, Lee- 'Thou Mayest.' It took me by the throat and shook me, And when the dizziness was over, a path open, new and bright. And my life which is ending seems to be going on to an ending wonderful" (E.O.E 308). Samuel's refined knowledge is what helps him take the next step in life- it is what helps him proceed with life in a better and brighter prospect. As a man, Samuel pries on living a good life.  It did not matter to Samuel whether things were bad for him or his family; in that badness he lived a good life and was able to make good out of the bad. To him, a person who is sorrowful but lives a life of happiness will eventually become happy. Because Samuel is enlightened by the concept of Timshel and at the same time is able to accept things for what they are, he lives a life of happiness; he is able to appreciate life and also leave it in the peaceful manner in which he came. Unlike Samuel, Aaron refuses to accept change and rather prefers to live with the bearable concept or beliefs he has been familiar with. His forced change in perception and incapability to accept the faultiness in truth is what causes him to lose his life. Aaron unwillingly accepts the truth, and as a result sees no value in living because his life has been built on lies.

In the process of thinking differently, a person changes courses and does not have to start afresh, he can simply branch off of what he already has- make a new beginning. In East of Eden, change occurs often when characters come out of the shadows, almost like they have just snapped out of a dream. In the event that there is a new beginning, there is always an anticipated beneficial end product of the change made. In other words, when characters in the book change in personality which might cause them to change in perspectives, they do so to achieve better or to gain more from what they already know.

Beginnings

East Of Eden Part 3

Questions and Answers

1. In Part Three, six characters die or their deaths are described—Una, Samuel, Charles, Lee's mother, Dessie and Tom. How does the omnipresence of death change the mood and atmosphere of the novel?

The deaths present in part three of East of Eden, gives the novel a gloomy ambiance. It however causes significant changes in the lives of characters, making the plot to head in an uplifting direction. Although death is seen as tragic and unprofitable, in the novel, death is used as a means to create auspicious outcomes. That being said, death teaches characters; it gives them a type of lesson in which they are to improve their lives on. Take for instance the effect Samuel's death had on Adam. "Samuel's funeral...should have made Adam sad and bitter...He felt young and free..." (E.O.E 327). Here, freedom- that which gives us the power to do the things we wish to do,  is revealed as a residue of death. In this case, the atmosphere of part three becomes a hopeful place.

2. How are the twins, Cal and Aron, different? Look at the paragraph near the end of Chapter 27, where the difference in the two boys is described by their supposed responses to an anthill. How do Cal's actions accord with that description?

Cal sees the need to go against norms- he pries on changing things. Aron however is content with the way things have been set. He in fact refuses to change the order of things he has become familiar with. Prior to the paragraph on the anthill, Cal is portrayed as a destructive person, while Aron is portrayed as a conformist and is therefore capable of fitting in better compared to Cal. Because Cal is more of a person that seeks answers, he never rests until he has gotten all what he needs. Take for instance Cal's refusal to accept that his mother died, "She ran away...I heard some men talking...I'm going to run away and find her..."(E.O.E. 338).

3. What do you suppose Charles' motives were in equally dividing his inheritance between Adam and Cathy?

When an individual dies, it is normal for him to pass down his property to his relations. It seems like Charles did just that after dying. Because he slept with Cathy, we can presume that he believes the twins Cal and Aron, are his sons. Therefore, by passing down his inheritance to Adam, he somehow does the same to his children. Charles might have also passed down his inheritance based on the love he had for his brother. Despite the way Charles treated Adam, Adam still loved him and Charles must have known this, "I always loved you because you were my brother" (E.O.E 362).

East of Eden Part 2

Good & Evil

There comes a time, when good is mistaken for evil and evil for good. In East of Eden, the discussion of good and evil is a key theme that is displayed throughout the part two section of the book. East of Eden presents evil in the sense of good, drawing the ultimate conclusion that one is not born evil but chooses to become evil. In fact, Steinbeck allows readers to develop the concept that evil erupts from good, which is why both of them can be confused for the other. The concept of evil erupting from good is shocking because one would question how a person or thing  that is sacred today can become monstrous the next day. Steinbeck reveals evil in the sense of good as he makes a connection between the church and the whorehouse in Chapter 19, "And each would have been horrified to think it was a different facet of the same thing...they were both intended to accomplish the same thing...the churches took a man out of his bleakness for a time, so did the brothels" (E.O.E 217).  So much as to calling them two ministries, Steinbeck goes against religious norm, for the church is to morally oppose the whorehouse and not be familiarized with it. Despite the brothel is considered evil in the sense that it goes against the morals of society and the church does not, Steinbeck points out the indifference between them as he informs readers of the unrighteous happenings in the church and the sinful ways of those considered sacred by the church, " ...the Reverend Billing, when they caught up with him, turned out to be a thief, an adulterer....and it doesn't matter much that his motive was impure. He used good material and some of it stuck" (E.O.E 218). Steinbeck develops the idea that both sects are not pure but have the potential of being pure.

Both characters Faye and Kate demonstrate the theme of good and evil in part two of East of Eden. Despite described as an evil person in the earlier chapters of the book, Cathy who is now called Kate, takes on the role of a good woman in her wait period to achieve her ultimate goal, which is never truly revealed in the book. Kate acts as a good character so much as to taking care of Faye and developing a mother-daughter relationship with Faye to the extent her previous manipulative ways are almost forgotten. "When Kate offered to help with the marketing and planning of meals...not only did the food improve, but the grocery bills came down one-third the first month Kate took over" (E.O.E 222). Kate becomes submissive- "good," only to accomplish the goals she has set for herself. Faye, whose nature is of good, is so easily manipulated by Kate, for a person who is kind at heart fails to see the bad side of certain things or people, especially those who are close to their heart. "Faye was a nice woman...No one could want to hurt Faye once he knew her [except Kate]...." (E.O.E 220). Kate is presented in such a conniving manner; Steinbeck makes her character confuse readers- one would think she has changed for the better, but like always at the end of the designated parts, readers are clarified that Kate can not be redeemed by others, she changes on her own will.


Discussion Questions & Answers

1. In Chapter 13, Steinbeck celebrates "the freedom of the mind to take any direction it wishes, undirected." Both Adam and Faye create and harbor a childlike image of Cathy to their peril. They fall prey to their own creations. What traits do these two characters share? And what are some of the dangers inherent in "freedom of the mind"?

Adam and Faye are wanderers.With the presence of Cathy in their lives, they find meaning to their existence, something substantial and is worth living for. Because Cathy presents herself as the solution to both Adam and Faye's existing problems- not being able to find a stable ground or place to call home, they develop the idea that she is destined to be in their lives. Steinbeck's inclusion of Freedom of mind in the book, allows characters the power to think freely. With freedom of the mind, both Adam and Faye face the dangers of being manipulated by Cathy and the refusal to accept Cathy's  true nature, "Her eyes were secretive. Faye wasn't clever...Faye's eyes lost suspicion and her face relaxed" (E.O.E 246). Because Faye fails to see Cathy or Kate as the devil she is, Faye loses interest in the idea that Cathy is pretending. Both Adam and Faye are capable of being manipulated by Cathy because they both share the characteristic of not being to see what is on the surface- they are blinded by Cathy's presence, so they fall in love with the image they have of her in their minds, "Was she beautiful, Samuel?...I wonder who she was- what she was" (E.O.E 262). Adam could barely remember Cathy's true self because he never tried knowing her for who she was; it was like his emotions had taken control of his vision. 

2. From your reading of Chapter 14—about Olive Hamilton, Steinbeck's mother—do you think it is wildly intrusive and inappropriate, as some critics have claimed? Or, is the chapter consistent with other interjections throughout the book and with Steinbeck's ambition to write a novel for his sons in an unrestricted style?
It is not intrusive and inappropriate of  Steinbeck to dedicate Chapter 14  to Olive Hamilton's life progression. In fact, Olive Hamilton's character clearly serves as a true mother-figure in contrast with some other women like Cathy, presented in the book. "Olive had great courage...it takes courage to raise children" (E.O.E 151). Olive's purpose in the book is to teach readers (particilarly Steinbeck's son) of how a woman should act, for Steinbeck's wife had deserted her sons just like Cathy. 

3. Regarding Cathy, the narrator says: "Who knows but that she tried to tell someone or everyone what she was like, and could not for lack of a common language." Both Lee and Samuel know upon meeting her "what she is like." So does Charles. What qualities in Cathy are transparent to those who care to notice?

To those who care to notice, Cathy's behavior is a huge transparent quality that depicts her true nature. "Cathy was chewing a piece of meat, chewing with her front teeth. Samuel had never seen anyone chew that way before" (E.O.E 173). Cathy's attitude towards certain things allows those observing to see through her superficial acts. "Cathy, we're going to make a beautiful place in the world...Samuel switched his gaze to Cathy's face. It did not change" (E.O.E 173). Cathy's nonexistent reaction towards matters that prompt reactions is a quality that is very transparent to observers; her inhumane characteristic is very transparent. 

4. In discussing the Cain and Abel story with Samuel Hamilton and Adam, Lee says: "The greatest terror a child can have is that he is not loved, and rejection is the hell he fears. I think everyone in the world to a large or small extent has felt rejection. And with rejection comes anger, and with anger
some kind of crime in revenge for the rejection, and with crime guilt." To whom does this apply? Charles? Cathy? Adam?

Lee was specifically talking to Adam. Adam's behavior towards his newborn sons after Cathy left him, showed that he felt guilty leaving them without a mother and angered that they came from her. "...he felt only a thin distaste of them. To Adam they were symbols of his loss" (E.O.E 252). Adam refuses to accept that Cathy left on her own will, which is why he refers her desertion as a loss.  This could also apply to Charles in the first chapters, as he festers his anger against his brother prior to his father's rejection of his love. Cathy was never rejected, in fact when someone tries to get close to her she pulls away.

5. Part Two concludes with an evocation of Biblical stories—of Aaron who did not make it to the Promised Land, and Caleb and Joshua who did. Is there a Moses figure in the book thus far, whose vision leads characters out of their spiritual wilderness?

The Moses figure portrayed in East of Eden is Samuel Hamilton. Just as Moses leads characters out of the wilderness, Samuel Hamilton leads characters out of their troubles with his storytelling and wise advices. It is with Samuel's help that Adam comes back to his senses and takes charge of his life. "Adam's face was changing as though he had opened and come out on his surface...I thank you for coming, Samuel...I even thank you for hitting me" (E.O.E 264). Without Samuel's help, who knows what would have become of Adam, for he would have drowned in self-loathe.

6. Why do you suppose that Steinbeck includes so much about the Cain and Abel story in the novel, having Samuel read the text?

 The biblical story of Cain and Abel is included in East of Eden, to inform readers of the events that will take place as a result of the birth of Cain and Aaron. It is almost like Steinbeck is letting in- foreshadowing, what is to come. The beginning of life (the twins birth) and the ending to it (Cain murdering Aaron). 

East of Eden Part 1

Love vs. Hate 

The thematic subject of love vs. hate is a concept that is portrayed throughout the first few chapters of East of Eden. In the book, love which is meant to be passionate and overpowering, is presented in a harsh and perplexing manner; characters who have love for the other present their feelings in a way that confuses readers and allows them to question how love can be so scolding and compelling. Love which is to encourage an individual, ends up evoking an emotion that can be considered deadly when put to action. The character Cyrus Trask, insists that he loves his biological son Adam, despite treating his step-son Charles better than Adam. Cyrus' tough love for Adam is what actually makes Adam despise him. Because Adam sought a different kind of affection than that offered by his father, his mind was set on doing all what he can as possible to get out of the way. In East of Eden, rejected love is transformed into hatred. This can be further seen in the character Charles, who choses to take out his festered anger for his father on his stepbrother Adam. This is noted as Charles remembers a childhood incident even after years passed, almost as if he was still holding a grudge, "Remember the present I gave him, the pocketknife?...he didn't take it to Washington with him...And you gave him a pup. It was at his funeral" (E.O.E. 64). The love shared between these brothers and their father becomes ironic in the sense that, Adam who was loved by his father did not love his father back, while Charles who was barely loved by his father loved his father no matter what; Steinbeck's use of  paradox never ends. So much as to conveying hatred in the novel, Steinbeck goes over the top and hatred is presented in a gruesome and consuming manner. With the character Cathy Ames, Steinbeck expresses how a person's hate for the world is transformed into something not of this world. Because of hate, characters become deceptive and are compelled to living a blinded life; characters create a haven for their selves and believe that that is truly how the world runs whereas that is not the case.



Discussion Questions & Answers

1. Is Cathy Ames doomed by nature to be who she is, or does she have a choice? Cathy is introduced as a monster in Chapter 8; in Chapter 12 she's described slightly differently. Steinbeck seems to be assessing her character as he writes the book. Why might Steinbeck be asking the reader to asses Cathy carefully?

Despite presented as a monster in East of Eden, Cathy Ames holds the key to her destiny. Alluding to Eve in the Bible, Cathy is presented in a grotesque form of Eve; instead of falling for the temptations of the devil, Cathy herself is described as the devil. Instead of suffering as one takes on the consequences of sinning, Cathy embraces the pain and looks for other souls in which she can bring down along with her. Because all what Cathy sees in the world is of hate and evil, she chooses to silt her life with evil doings. In assessing Cathy's character, Steinbeck allows readers to understand that there is good in everyone, therefore it is a man's choice to oppose to the good nature of things in order to become evil. In Chapter 12, Cathy is described differently as to the effect she has on others; here she is portrayed in a good manner because it her existence that brings happiness to Adam Trask. "Adam couldn't remember ever having been so happy. It didn't bother him that he did not know her name. She had said to call her Cathy, and that was enough for him" (E.O.E 116). Because Cathy is capable of being loved despite having the hidden perks of a monster, Steinbeck insists that readers pay close attention to her, for it is a rare thing to have an evil soul and still be admired by multiple.

2. Who is telling the story at any given moment? Steinbeck, Olive's son, a character in his own book? The all-knowing narrator who can even tell what others are thinking? Or is the philosopher-critic a third possibility? Why do you think Steinbeck includes himself in this text? What might be his point in doing so?

 Olive's son, Steinbeck, is the narrator of the book. "When I, her [Olive] only son, was sixteen I contracted pleural pneumonia, in that day a killing disease" (E.O.E 150). Steinbeck, unlike most authors who yearn to show the readers events that occur in the book from an outside view, instills himself in his book's incidents. As a narrator, Steinbeck portrays himself as a bystander who is curious enough in the events happening that he fails to not have an input. His inclusion in the text allows readers to feel closure when understanding that the events presented in the novel resemble that of events that have taken place in reality. Most of Steinbeck's break in the novel- when he presents himself, is very descriptive and informative. His breaks are usually to further analyze a character, "When I said Cathy was a monster it seemed to me that it was so...I wonder if it was true" (E.O.E 184) or to align the cause of an issue, "Surely I can understand this...I will fight against it to preserve the one thing that separates us from the uncreative beasts..." (E.O.E 132).